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Drawing upon documentary & other evidence from Vietphái mạnh this paper argues that in 1954 the Democratic Republic of Vietphái nam (DRVN) accepted negotiations and a diplomatic solution to its war against France because it served some of its most vital interests và satisfied its sense of the possibilities of the moment. To be sure, the DRViệt Nam leadership responded positively to lớn concerns và pressures from its sociamenu allies, the Soviet Union & Trung Quốc, on some issues in Geneva. But it was not, as western scholars have sầu maintained, acting against its own better judgement or strategic imperatives.

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Acknowledgements

The author wishes to lớn thank Chris Gosphụ vương for his help in locating a crucial source; the two anonymous reviewers for Cold War History for their thoughtful comments on the original submission; Idus Newby for his painstaking editing of drafts of this article; and Hawaii Pacific University"s Grace Cheng, Paul Carloông xã, Russ Gottwald, Nate Chase, Ed Zelczak, and Mark Snakenberg for their discerning examination of the final version.

Notes

<1> Besides the works considered below see Cable Cable, James. 2000. The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochimãng cầu, London: Macmillan Press.  , Geneva Conference of 1954, which posits that the Geneva Conference ‘provided the last example of an independent British policy exercising significant influence in the resolution of a major international crisis’ (3); Devillers và Lacouture Devillers, Philippe và Lacouture, Jean. 1969. End of a War: Indochimãng cầu, 1954, New York: Praeger.  , End of a War; & Randle, Geneva 1954, which focuses on the legal soundness & implications of the Geneva accords.

<2> Emphasis added. The original reads: ‘Comment, dès lors, ne pas y voir, au moins partiellement, la conséquence d"une pression sino-soviétique’? (Joyaux, La Chine et le règlement du premier conflit d"Indochine, 279).

<3> Qiang Zhai Qiang Znhị. 2000. China và the Vietnam Wars, 1954–1975, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolimãng cầu Press.  , China và the Vietnam giới Wars, 57, 62, 64.

<4> Chen Jian Chen Jian. 2001. Mao"s China và the Cold War, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolimãng cầu Press.  , Mao"s Trung Quốc, 62.

<5> Olsen Olsen, Mari. 2006. Soviet-Vietnam giới Relations and the Role of Đài Loan Trung Quốc, 1949–64, New York: Routledge.  , Soviet–Vietnam Relations, 45.

<6> Gosphụ vương Gosthân phụ, Christopher E. 1995. Vietphái nam or Indochina? Contesting Concepts of Space in Vietnamese Nationalism, 1887–1954, Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Report no. 28.  , Vietphái nam or Indochina?, 145–6.

<7> Gaiduk, Confronting Vietphái mạnh, 13, 23, 50. However, Gaiduk refutes the clayên ổn that Paris and Moscow made a secret deal providing for French rejection of the EDC in return for Soviet assistance in expediting the over of the war in Indochimãng cầu on terms favourable to Paris.

<8> Turley Turley, William S. 2009. The Second Indochina War: A Concise Political and Military History, 2nd ed., Lansi, MD: Rowman và Littlefield.  , Second Indochina War, 17.

<9> Vickery Vickery, Michael. 1985. Cambodia: 1975–1982, Boston: South End Press.  , Cambodia, 36–8.

 <10> Chen Jian and Shen Zhihua, ‘Geneva Conference of 1954’, 8. Ilya Gaiduk similarly asserts that DRcả nước President Ho Chi Minch ‘obviously had no other choice but lớn acquiesce to lớn his allies’ point of view" immediately before and during the Geneva Conference (Gaiduk, Confronting Vietnam giới, 24). See also Young Young, Marilyn B. 1991. The Vietnam giới Wars, 1945–1990, New York: Harper Collins.  , Vietphái mạnh Wars, 38–9; Hess Hess, Gary R. 1998. Vietphái nam và the United States: Origins và Legacy of War, New York: Twayne Publishers.  , Vietphái nam and the United States, 48; & Herring Herring, George C. 1979. America"s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam giới, 1950–1975, New York: John Wiley và Sons.  , America"s Longest War, 39–40.

 <11> William Duiker Duiker, William J. 1996. The Communist Road to lớn Power in Vietnam, 2nd ed., Boulder, CO: Westview Press.   & Carlyle Thayer have sầu briefly addressed that role. See Duiker Marr, David G. 1995. Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power., Berkeley: University of California Press.  , Communist Road khổng lồ Power in Vietphái nam, 170–3; Duiker Duiker, William J. 1994. U.S. Containment Policy và the Conflict in Indochimãng cầu, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.  , U.S. Containment Policy, Chapter 6; and Thayer, War by Other Means, 1–10.

 <12> Hoang Hong Hoang Hong. 2005. Nghien cuu phuong phap luan su hoc o Viet Nam. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 15–25.  , ‘Nghien cuu phuong phap luan su hoc o Viet Nam’, 15–25.

 <13> For an analysis of the evolution of Vietnamese scholarship on the Franco-Vietnamese War see Lien-Hang Lien-Hang T. Nguyen. 2007. “Vietnamese Historians & the First Indochina War”. In The First Vietnam giới War: Colonial Conflict & Cold War Crisis, Edited by: Atwood Lawrence, Mark & Logevall, Fredrik. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.   T. Nguyen, ‘Vietnamese Historians and the First Indochina War’, 41–55.

 <14> Increasingly in Vietphái mạnh, the Van kien Dang series is the chief source on which scholars base works pertaining lớn the French & American wars. In some cases entire articles rest exclusively on documents drawn for the series. See for example Vu Quang Hien Vu Quang Hien. 2005. Su bỏ ra dao cua Bo chinc tri vào giai doan cuoi cuoc khang chien chong My. Tap đưa ra Lich su Dang, : 5–8. 43 , ‘Su chi dao cua Bo chinc tri vào giai doan cuoi cuoc khang chien chong My’, 5–8, 43.

 <15> The original history is Bo Ngoách Giao, Dau tnhãi ngoai phong giao trong Cach sở hữu dan toc dan chu nhan dan (1945–1954), Tap 2: Dau tranh con ngoai giao trong khang chien chong thuc dan phan dong Phap xam luoc va Hoi nghi quoc te Gio-Ne-Vo nam 1954 ve Dong-Duong (1947–1954), published in 1976. The reprint, used for this paper, is Hoc vien quan he quoc te, Dau trạng rỡ ngoách giao. I am indebted lớn Christopher Goscha of Universingã du Québec à Montréal for sharing his copy of that revealing document with me.

 <16> The Viet Minh was formed by Vietnamese communists during World War II lớn resist the Japanese. After 1945 the front remained under communist control and contributed lớn the resistance against France. The term is short for ‘Viet Nam Doc lap Dong minch hoi’, literally, ‘Independence League of Vietnam’.

 <17> On these và related developments see Marr Marr, David G. 1980. “World War II and the Indochinese Revolution”. In Southeast Asia Under Japanese Occupation, Edited by: McCoy, Alfred W. New Haven: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies Monograph no. 22.  , ‘World War II and the Indochinese Revolution’, 126–58; and Marr Marr, David G. 1981. Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945, Berkeley: University of California Press.  , Vietphái nam 1945.

 <19> Ho Chi Minch Ho Chi Minc. 1996. Toan tap, Tap 7: 1953–55 Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Chinch tri quoc gia.  , Toan tap, 168.

 <20> France established the SOtoàn nước in Saigon in March 1949 under former emperor Bao Dai as chief of state & Tran Van Huu as president. A stereotypically puppet regime, the SOtoàn nước gained a veneer of legitimacy when the French national assembly voted in April 1949 to lớn repeal the ‘département’ status of Cochinchina & grant autonomy lớn Vietphái nam (Tonkin, Anphái nam, và Cochinchina) within the French Union (Union française). Under that arrangement, the SOtoàn quốc government became ostensibly responsible for domestic & some foreign affairs of Vietnam giới, & had an army under its own flag.

 <21> The text of the agreement is reproduced in United States Senate – Committee United States Senate – Committee on Foreign Relations. 1967. Background Information Relating lớn Southeast Asia and Vietnam, 90th Congress, 1st Session Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.   on Foreign Relations, Background Information Relating lớn Southeast Asia, 50–62.

 <22> The ‘Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference: On Restoring Peace in Indochina, 21 July 1954’ and the ‘Statement by the Under Secretary of State at the Concluding Plenary Session of the Geneva Conference, 21 July 1954’ are reproduced in United States Department of State United States Department of State. The Department of State Bulletin, XXXI(788) (2 August 1954) , Department of State Bulletin, 164–6.

 <23> Vu Quang Hien Vu Quang Hien. 2005. Tyên hieu chu truong doi ngoai phong cua Dang thoi ky 1945–1954, Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia.  , Tlặng hieu chu truong doi ngoai phong cua Dang, 170. The Party reiterated its commitment to ‘complete victory’ repeatedly after 1946, including in late 1951. See ‘Thong tri cua Ban Bi thu, ngay 24 thang 12 phái mạnh 1951, ve tnhì vày cua ta voi Nghi quyet cua Hoi dong hoa binch the gio, ve sầu cuoc chien tranh con o Viet Nam’, Dang Cong san Viet Nam Dang Cong san Viet Nam. 2001. Van kien Dang – Toan tap, Tap 12: 1951 Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia.  , Van kien Dang, Tap 12: 1951, 621.

 <24> On the overall military situation in Indochina see Fall Fall, Bernard B. 1972. Street without Joy, New York: Schocken Books.  , Street without Joy.

 <25> Hoang Minch Thao Hoang Hong. 2005. Nghien cuu phuong phap luan su hoc o Viet Nam. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 15–25.  , ‘Chien thang Dien Bien Phu voi Hoi nghi Gionevo’, 41.

 <26> ‘De hoan thanh hao nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, Dang Cong san Viet Nam Dang Cong san Viet Nam. 2001. Van kien Dang – Toan tap, Tap 15: 1954 Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Chinch tri quoc gia.  , Van kien Dang, Tap 15: 1954 , 175.

 <27> National Archives Center 3, Hanoi, Vietphái nam /Phong Phu Thu Tuong /Ho so 1865: Bao cao cua doan Dai bieu Viet Nam di du Hoi nghi Hoi dong hoa binch the gioi lan thu 2 o Vien nam 1953/‘Bao cao cua doan Dai bieu Viet Nam tai Hoi nghi Hoi dong hoa binh the gioi lan thu 2’/23 November 1953. See also Vu Quang Hien Vu Quang Hien. 2005. Tyên hieu chu truong doi ngoai phong cua Dang thoi ky 1945–1954, Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia.  , Tyên ổn hieu chu truong doi ngoai, 171; và ‘Chi thi cua Ban Bi thu, ngay 2 thang 12 phái nam 1953: Ve viec giai thich loi tuyen bo cua pnhị doan Viet Nam o Hoi nghi Hoi dong hoa binc the gioi (11-1953)’, Dang Cong san Viet Nam Dang Cong san Viet Nam. 2001. Van kien Dang – Toan tap, Tap 14: 1953 Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia.  , Van kien Dang, Tap 14: 1953, 521–2.

 <28> Quoted in Cameron Cameron, Allan W., ed. 1971. Vietnam giới Crisis: A Documentary History. Vol. 1:, 1940–1956. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.   (ed.), Vietphái mạnh Crisis, 218.

 <29> Ho Chi Minh Ho Chi Minh. 1996. Toan tap, Tap 7: 1953–55 Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Chinch tri quoc gia.  , Toan tap, 169.

 <30> Ho Chi Minch Ho Chi Minch. 1996. Toan tap, Tap 7: 1953–55 Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Chinc tri quoc gia.  , Toan tap, 192.

 <31> NAC3/Phong Quoc Hoi /HS 1684: Bao cao tkhô hanh tich ve sầu quan lại su trong 8 phái mạnh khang chien (1946–1954)/‘So thao bao cao quan tiền su o Quoc hoi lan thu 3 (12-1953)’/undated (December 1953), 1–5.

 <32> NAC3/ PPTT/HS 1886: Ban nhan xet cua TW ve Hoi nghi Gionevo truoc luoc ban ve sầu van de dinh chien o Dong Duong ngay lập tức 27.02.1954/‘May nhan xet cua Trung uong ve sầu Hoi nghi Gio-ne’/27 February 1954, 1.

 <33> ‘So thao bao cao quan su o Quoc hoi lan thu 3 (12-1953)’, 5.

 <34> Nguyen Phuc Luan Nguyen Phuc Luan. 2004. Ngoai phong giao Ho Chi Minc truoc va sau chien thang Dien Bien Phu. Nghien cuu Quoc te, : 3–13.  , ‘Ngoai giao Ho Chi Minh’, 6.

 <35> Cao Van Luong Cao Van Luong. 2004. Chien thang Dien Bien Phu: thang qua cua y chi va quyet tam chien dau cua nhan dan Viet Nam vi doc lap, tu do va hoa binc. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 15–21.  , ‘Chien thang Dien Bien Phu’, 18.

 <36> Thayer Thayer, Carlyle A. 1989. War by Other Means: National Liberation & Revolution in Viet-Nam, 1954–60, London: Allen & Unwin.  , War by Other Means, 3.

 <37> ‘May nhan xet cua Trung uong ve sầu Hoi nghi Gio-ne’, 1.

 <38> Vu Duong Ninc Vu Duong Ninc. 2004. Hiep dinh Geneva: Mot nac thang tren tien trinh giai phong dan toc. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 11–6.  , ‘Hiep dinh Geneva’, 14.

 <39> Chen Jian Chen Jian. 2001. Mao"s Trung Quốc and the Cold War, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.  , Mao"s China, 139.

 <40> Without the involvement of the PRC in this process, one VWP.. document from this period contended, the ‘Indochina problem’ would ‘not be resolved’ (‘May nhan xet cua Trung uong ve sầu Hoi nghi Gio-ne’, 1).

 <41> Vu Duong Ninh Vu Duong Ninc. 2004. Hiep dinc Geneva: Mot nac thang tren tien trinh giai phong dan toc. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 11–6.  , ‘Hiep dinh Geneva’, 12.

 <42> Nguyen Phuc Luan Nguyen Phuc Luan. 2004. Ngoai nghiêm giao Ho Chi Minch truoc va sau chien thang Dien Bien Phu. Nghien cuu Quoc te, : 3–13.  , ‘Ngoai vệ giao Ho Chi Minh’, 8.

 <43> Phan Doan Nam Phan Doan Nam. 2004. Hiep dinh Gionevo 1954: 50 nam nhin lai. Nghien cuu Quoc te, : 3–8.  , ‘Hiep dinc Gionevo 1954’, 7.

 <44> From Circular 92/TT/TPhường quoted in Nguyen Phuc Luan Nguyen Phuc Luan. 2004. Ngoai phong giao Ho Chi Minch truoc va sau chien thang Dien Bien Phu. Nghien cuu Quoc te, : 3–13.  , ‘Ngoai vệ giao Ho Chi Minh’, 6; and Hoc vien quan tiền he quoc te, Dau ttinh ranh ngoai nghiêm giao, 486.

 <45> French military commander Henri Navarre designed the plan that bore his name to preclude an immediate Viet Minh victory và improve sầu the long-term prospects for French victory in Indochimãng cầu. According khổng lồ the plan, from the spring of 1953 to the autumn of 1954, French & allied military units would pacify the country below the Col des Nuages located on the eighteenth parallel, and consolidate their positions there. In the north, they would prsự kiện Viet Minch intervention & assault in Laos while avoiding large-scale confrontations & maintaining a ‘defensive mentality’. Then, with supremacy attained in the south, from late 1954 inlớn 1956 French & allied forces would launch a general offensive sầu against enemy strongholds in the northern perimeter. In this second stage, the French would be looking for what Navarre called ‘la bataille générale’, a decisive battle. See Navarre Navarre, Henri. 1958. Agonie de l"Indochine, 1953–1954, Paris: Plon.  , Agonie de l"Indochine, 80–2. In the estimation of Laurent Césari, ‘the object of the plan was only to lớn provide France with a ‘graceful exit’ from Indochina’. See Césari Césari, Laurent. 2007. “The Declining Value of Indochina: France and the Economics of Empire, 1950–1955”. In The First Vietphái nam War: Colonial Conflict và Cold War Crisis, Edited by: Mark Atwood, Lawrence and Logevall, Fredrik. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.  , ‘Declining Value of Indochina’, 189.

 <46> Quoted in Nguyen Phuc Luan Nguyen Phuc Luan. 2004. Ngoách giao Ho Chi Minh truoc va sau chien thang Dien Bien Phu. Nghien cuu Quoc te, : 3–13.  , ‘Ngoai nghiêm giao Ho Chi Minh’, 6.

 <47> For the standard interpretation of the ‘meaning’ of Dien Bien Phu by writers affiliated with the armed forces see Vo Nguyen Giap Vo Nguyen Giap. 2005. Tinc than Dien Bien Phu song mai vào su nghiep cua tầm thường ta. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 3–11.  , ‘Tinh than Dien Bien Phu’, 3–11, which highlights the importance military historians continue to place upon the battle.

 <48> Vu Duong Ninc Vu Duong Ninc. 2004. Chien cuoc Dien Bien Phu vào boi canh quoc te nhung phái mạnh 50. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 22–30.  , ‘Chien cuoc Dien Bien Phu’, 28.

 <49> Quoted in ‘Contributions to lớn the History of Dien Bien Phu 1965. Contributions khổng lồ the History of Dien Bien Phu. Vietnamese Studies,  ’, 51.

 <50> Tran Do Tran Do. 1962. Stories of Dien Bien Phu, Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House.  , Stories of Dien Bien Phu, 27.

 <51> Quoted in Cao Van Luong Cao Van Luong. 2004. Chien thang Dien Bien Phu: thang qua cua y đưa ra va quyet tam chien dau cua nhan dan Viet Nam vi doc lap, tu vì chưng va hoa binc. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 15–21.  , ‘Chien thang Dien Bien Phu’, trăng tròn.

 <52> Duiker Duiker, William J. 2007. “Ho Chi Minc và the Strategy of People"s War”. In The First Vietphái nam War: Colonial Conflict & Cold War Crisis, Edited by: Atwood Lawrence, Mark & Logevall, Fredrik. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.  , ‘Ho Chi Minc and the Strategy of People"s War’, 172.

 <53> Joyaux Joyaux, François. 1979. La Chine et le règlement du premier conflit d"Indochine – Genève sầu 1954, Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.  , La Chine et le règlement du premier conflit d"Indochine, 66. See also Gurtov Gurtov, Melvin. 1967. The First Vietnam Crisis: Chinese Communist Strategy and the United States Involvement, 1953–1954, New York: Columbia University Press.  , First Vietnam giới Crisis, 188.

 <54> Chen Jian Chen Jian. 1993. China và the First Indo-Trung Quốc War, 1950-54. Trung Quốc Quarterly, : 85–110.  , ‘China và the First Indo-China War’, 102, 104.

 <55> On the siege of Dien Bien Phu see Fall Fall, Bernard B. 1966. Hell in a Very Small Place: The Siege of Dien Bien Phu, New York: Da Capo Press.  , Hell in a Very Small Place; Roy Roy, Jules. 1963. La bataille de Dien Bien Phu, Paris: René Julliard.  , La bataille de Dien Bien Phu; và Windrow Windrow, Martin. 2005. The Last Valley: Dien Bien Phu và the French Defeat in Vietphái mạnh, New York: Da Capo Press.  , Last Valley.

 <56> From the letter reproduced in Vo Nguyen Giap Vo Nguyen Giap. 2000. Dien Bien Phu, Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers.  , Dien Bien Phu, 8.

 <57> ‘De hoan tkhô nóng nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, 173–4.

 <58> Valette Valette, Jacques. 1994. La guerre d"Indochine, 1945–1954, Paris: Armand Colin.  , La guerre d"Indochine, 183–92.

 <59> ‘Dien cua Trung uong gui don bỏ ra Ptê mê Van Dong tức thì 27.5.1954’ quoted in Hoc vien quan lại he quoc te, Dau ttinh quái ngoách giao, 500.

 <60> NAC3/PPTT/HS 1887: Tap tai lieu ve sầu cac cuoc hop bao cua Pnhị doan Viet Nam va cac phai doan khac tai Hoi nghi Gio-ne-vo nam giới 1954/‘Nhung diem can nghien cuu trong bai noi chuyen nhan ngay lập tức 19 thang 5’/19 May 1954, 1.

 <61> See for instance the statement by William Turley cited above sầu.

 <62> Vu Duong Ninch Vu Duong Ninch. 2004. Hiep dinch Geneva: Mot nac thang tren tien trinc giai phong dan toc. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 11–6.  , ‘Hiep dinc Geneva’, 14.

 <63> Vu Duong Ninh Vu Duong Ninh. 2004. Chien cuoc Dien Bien Phu vào boi canh quoc te nhung phái nam 50. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 22–30.  , ‘Chien cuoc Dien Bien Phu’, 28.

 <64> The National Archives, Kew, United Kingdom /FO 959-143/British Consulate, Hanoi to lớn British Embassy, Saigon/2 June 1954, 2.

 <65> Thayer Thayer, Carlyle A. 1989. War by Other Means: National Liberation và Revolution in Viet-Nam, 1954–60, London: Allen và Unwin.  , War by Other Means, 3.

 <66> Devillers and Lacouture Devillers, Philippe & Lacouture, Jean. 1969. End of a War: Indochina, 1954, New York: Praeger.  , End of a War, 149; Vo Nguyen Giap Vo Nguyen Giap. 1962. People"s War, People"s Army, New York: Praeger.  , People"s War, 153; Duiker, Communist Road lớn Power nguồn, 170; and Roy Roy, Jules. 1963. La bataille de Dien Bien Phu, Paris: René Julliard.  , La bataille de Dien Bien Phu, 568.

 <67> From ‘Dien cua Trung uong gui don đưa ra Psay mê Van Dong ngay 27.5.1954’, 634.

 <68> Hoc vien quan tiền he quoc te Hoc vien quan lại he quoc te. 2002. Dau tma lanh ngoai giao vào cach sở hữu dan toc dan chu nhan dan, 1945–1954, Hanoi: Tai lieu luu khô hanh noi bo.  , Dau tnhãi nhép ngoai giao, 501.

 <69> Bui Dinch Thanh khô Bui Dinc Tkhô hanh. 2004. “Dau trỡ ràng ngoai vệ giao tai Hoi nghi Geneve sầu 1954”. In 50 nam giới chien thang Dien Bien Phu va su nghiep doi moi, phat trien dat nuoc, Edited by: Viet Nam va Tinch uy, Uy ban nhan dan tinc Dien Bien, Vien Khoa hoc xa. Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc xa hoi.  , ‘Dau tnhóc ngoai vệ giao tai Hoi nghi Geneve 1954’, 525.

 <70> ‘May nhan xet cua Trung uong ve Hoi nghi Gio-ne’, 1.

 <71> From a confidential MOFA report quoted in Phan Doan Phan Doan Nam. 2004. Hiep dinh Gionevo 1954: 50 phái nam nhin lai. Nghien cuu Quoc te, : 3–8.   Nam, ‘Hiep dinch Gionevo’, 6.

 <72> Khac Huynh Khac Huynh. 2005. Doi dieu soai nghi ve tu tuong, nghe thuat ngoai nghiêm giao Ho Chi Minch. Tap bỏ ra Lich su Dang, : 1–5.  , ‘Doi dieu suy nghi ve sầu tu tuong, nghe thuat ngoai nghiêm giao Ho Chi Minh’, 5.

 <73> NAC3/PQH/HS 75: Ho so phien hop BTTquốc hội khoa I ngay lập tức 28.7.1954 ve sầu Hoi nghi Gio-ne-vo va ket qua cua Hiep dinch chien/Handwritten notes of DRtoàn quốc National Assembly acting chairman Ton Duc Thang/undated (July 1954), 1.

 <74> NAC3/PPTT/HS 1859: Tai lieu ve sầu Hoi nghi Gio-ne-vo phái nam 1953/‘Politique Extérieure du Government Provisoire de la République Démocratique du Viêt-Nam: Communiqué du Ministère des Affaires Étrangères du Government Provisoire, Hanoi, 30 Octobre 1945’/30 October 1945, 1.

 <75> ‘De hoan tkhô hanh nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, 212.

 <76> ‘Hoan tkhô cứng nhiem vu chuan bi chuyen manh lịch sự tong phan cong (Bao cao Hoi nghi toan quoc lan thu ba)’, Dang Cong san Viet Nam Dang Cong san Viet Nam. 2001. Van kien Dang – Toan tap, Tap 11: 1950 Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Chinch tri quoc gia.  , Van kien Dang, Tap 11: 1950, 76, 100, 101; Nguyen Xuan Ot Nguyen Xuan Ot. 2005. Qua trinh chuan bi tkhô cứng lap dang nhan dan cach có Lao (1954–1955). Tap đưa ra Lich su Dang, : 47–9.  , ‘Qua trinc chuan bi thanh khô lap dang nhan dan cach sở hữu Lao’, 47; & Vu Quang Hien Vu Quang Hien. 2005. Tim hieu chu truong doi ngoai phong cua Dang thoi ky 1945–1954, Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Chinc tri quoc gia.  , Tlặng hieu chu truong doi ngoai nghiêm, 162.

 <77> Ngoách giao Viet Nam, 144–5; ‘Dien cua Ban Bi thu, tức thì 11 thang 5 phái nam 1954’, VKD: 1954, 106–7; ‘Dien cua Ban Bi thu, ngay 8 thang 6 nam 1954: ve lanh dao phong trao dau ttrẻ ranh cua quan bình thường o Ha Noi’, VKD: 1954, 126–8; & Chen Jian Chen Jian. 2007. “Trung Quốc & the Indochina Settlement at the Geneva Conference of 1954”. In The First Vietphái nam War: Colonial Conflict và Cold War Crisis, Edited by: Atwood Lawrence, Mark và Logevall, Fredrik. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.  , ‘Trung Quốc & the Indochimãng cầu Settlement’, 254.

 <78> Hoc vien quan lại he quoc te Hoc vien quan he quoc te. 2002. Dau tranh ma ngoai vệ giao trong cach có dan toc dan chu nhan dan, 1945–1954, Hanoi: Tai lieu luu hanh khô noi bo.  , Dau tnhãi con ngoai vệ giao, 500.

 <79> Hoang Minh Thao Hoang Minh Thao. 2008. “Chien thang Dien Bien Phu voi hoi nghi Gioneva”. In Hiep dinch Gionevo: 50 phái mạnh nhin lai, Edited by: giao, Bo ngoai vệ. Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Chinc tri quoc gia.  , ‘Chien thang Dien Bien Phu’, 43; Hoc vien quan tiền he quoc te, Dau tma lanh ngoai phong giao, 505–6; và The Vietnam giới Archive sầu, Texas Tech University /Douglas Pike Collection: Unit 13 – The Early History of Vietnam/Box 04/Folder 09/Item Number: 2410409002 (Record #: 250034)/‘The 1954 Geneva Conference, 23 April 1979’, 40, 43.

 <80> Hoc vien quan lại he quoc te, Dau tranh ngoai nghiêm giao, 505–6; và The Vietphái nam Archive sầu, Texas Tech University /Douglas Pike Collection: Unit 13 – The Early History of Vietnam/Box 04/Folder 09/Item Number: 2410409002 (Record #: 250034)/‘The 1954 Geneva Conference, 23 April 1979’, 40–3.

 <81> Eisenhower Eisenhower, Dwight D. 1963. Mandate for Change, 1953–1956, Garden City: Doubleday.  , Mandate for Change, 358.

 <82> VATTU/Douglas Pike Collection: Unit 13 – The Early History of Vietnam/Box 04/ Folder 11/Item Number: 2410411011 (Record #: 250391)/‘Geneva Conference of 1954, USSR and Chinese Objectives & Strategy, 1954’, C-1.

 <83> Prados Prados, John. 2007. “Assessing Dien Bien Phu”. In The First Vietnam giới War: Colonial Conflict và Cold War Crisis, Edited by: Atwood Lawrence, Mark và Logevall, Fredrik. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.  , ‘Assessing Dien Bien Phu’, 226. Buu Loc resigned on 16 June, Diem arrived in Saigon nine days later, và the new government was installed on 7 July. On Diem"s rise lớn power see Jacobs Jacobs, Seth. 2002. America"s Miracle Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinc Diem, Religion, Race, & U.S. Intervention in Southeast Asia, 1950–1957, Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.  , America"s Miracle Man in Vietnam giới.

 <84> TNAUK/ FO 959-143/ British Consulate, Hanoi khổng lồ British Embassy, Saigon/7 July 1954, 1; & British Consulate, Hanoi to British Embassy, Saigon/trăng tròn July 1954, 1.

 <85> Ngoai nghiêm giao Viet Nam, 143–9. On the issue of Cambodia & Laos, the DRnước ta could have sầu benefited from Chinese and Soviet support. Unfortunately, in the kết thúc, the DRcả nước got no agreement on most issues concerning the rest of Indochimãng cầu in Geneva because of the lachồng of enthusiasm for them among muốn the conference participants, including its own allies. See Qiang Znhị Qiang Znhị. 2000. Trung Quốc and the Vietnam giới Wars, 1954–1975, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolimãng cầu Press.  , Trung Quốc và the Vietphái mạnh Wars, 56–7.

 <86> ‘De hoan tkhô nóng nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, 211–2.

 <87> Hoc vien quan he quoc te, Dau tnhãi ranh ngoai nghiêm giao, 506, 571.

 <88> ‘Bao cao tai Hoi nghi lan thu sau cua Ban Chap hanh khô Trung uong Dang (Khoa II), ngay lập tức 15 thang 7 nam 1954’, VKD: 1954, 167, note 1.

 <89> This VWP assessment is quoted in Hoc vien quan liêu he quoc te, Dau ttrẻ ranh ngoai phong giao, 535.

 <90> ‘Bao cao tai Hoi nghi lan thu sau cua Ban Chap hanh khô Trung uong Dang (Khoa II), ngay 15 thang 7 nam 1954’, 169.

 <91> Quoted in Phan Doan Nam Phan Doan Nam. 2004. Hiep dinh Gionevo 1954: 50 phái mạnh nhin lai. Nghien cuu Quoc te, : 3–8.  , ‘Hiep dinc Gionevo’, 7.

 <92> From the VWPhường. Politburo cable dated 4 June quoted in Hoc vien quan liêu he quoc te, Dau tnhóc con ngoai vệ giao, 530–1.

 <93> ‘Chi thi cua Ban Bi thu, tức thì 3 thang 7 nam 1954: Ve viec bao ho cac tkhô hanh pho moi gia phong’, VKD: 1954, 144.

 <94> Bo Quoc Phong Bo Quoc Phong. 1987. Lich su khang chien chong thuc dan Phap, 1945–1954, Tap 2. Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Quan doi nhan dan.  , Lich su khang chien chong thuc dan Phap, 473–4; và Hoc vien quan liêu he quoc te, Dau trỡ ngoai phong giao, 534–5.

 <95> Chen Jian, ‘China & the Indochina Settlement’, 257. See also Qiang Znhì Qiang Znhì. 2000. China và the Vietphái mạnh Wars, 1954–1975, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolimãng cầu Press.  , Đài Loan Trung Quốc và the Vietnam Wars, 58–60.

 <96> ‘Dien cua Trung uong guy dong bỏ ra Le Duan, Nam Bo, ngay lập tức 3 thang 7 nam 1954’ quoted in Hoc vien quan he quoc te, Dau tma lanh ngoách giao, 636.

 <97> Vu Duong Ninh Vu Duong Ninc. 2004. Hiep dinch Geneva: Mot nac thang tren tien trinh giai phong dan toc. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 11–6.  , ‘Hiep dinch Geneva’, 13.

Xem thêm: Những Con Quái Vật: Lục Địa Đen, Quái Vật Lục Địa Đen

 <98> Su that ve sầu quan he Viet Nam-Trung Quoc vào 30 1979. Su that ve quan tiền he Viet Nam-Trung Quoc trong 30 phái mạnh qua, Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Su that.   phái mạnh qua, 32.

 <99> Joyaux Joyaux, François. 1979. La Chine et le règlement du premier conflit d"Indochine – Genève 1954, Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.  , La Chine et le règlement du premier conflit d"Indochine, 277.

<100> Quoted in ibid., 278.

<101> ‘Bao cao tai Hoi nghi lan thu sau cua Ban Chap hanh Trung uong Dang (Khoa II), ngay 15 thang 7 phái nam 1954’, 162–72.

<102> The report entitled ‘Fulfilling the Responsibilities và Promoting the Work Ahead’ is cited above sầu as ‘De hoan thanh khô nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’. Its nội dung was reproduced, & possibly vetted, in VKD: 1954, 179–222.

<103> This concern had alarmed Party leaders in one region of Vietnam giới (Military Region III), and may indeed have been serious. See NAC3/PQH/HS 205: Bao cao tinh hinc vào 6 thang dau phái mạnh 1954 cua UBKCHC LK III/‘Bao cao tinch hinch Lien khu III 6 thang dau nam 1954’/undated (1954), 1.

<104> This concern had alarmed Party leaders in one region of Vietnam (Military Region III), và may indeed have been serious. See NAC3/PQH/HS 205: Bao cao tinc hinc vào 6 thang dau phái mạnh 1954 cua UBKCHC LK III/‘Bao cao tinc hinc Lien quần thể III 6 thang dau nam 1954’/undated (1954)

<106> The accords did, however, acknowledge the clout of the Pathet Lao in Laos by designating the provinces of Sam Neua & Phong Saly as regroupment zones for its forces. Effective dates for the cessation of hostilities were as follows: North Vietnam giới, 27 July; Central Vietphái nam, 1 August; South Vietnam giới, 11 August; Laos, 6 August; and Cambodia, 7 August.

<107> VATTU/Douglas Pike Collection: Unit 13 – The Early History of Vietnam/Box 04/Folder 03/Item Number: 2410403033 (Record #: 249472)/‘The Geneva Conference of 1954 Chen Jian and Shen Zhihua. 2008. The Geneva Conference of 1954: New Evidence from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People"s Republic of Đài Loan Trung Quốc. Cold War International History Project Bulletin, : 7–9.  , Outcome và Significance for DRV, Đài Loan Trung Quốc, USSR, 1954’, D-8.

<108> TNAUK/FO 371-112037/ Ministry of Defense khổng lồ Foreign Office: ‘Chinese Communist Aid to lớn the Vietminh: Brief for a Perimeter reviews on the Subject’/13 August 1954, 2. ‘We have been struck by the absence of provisions for fixed inspection teams on the Cao Bang và Ha Giang supply routes, particularly since it is believed that about 2/3 of Chinese aid for the Vietminh has travelled on the Cao Bang route’, the British Foreign Office observed in late August. ‘Any question of adequate control of supplies from China is entirely impractical without the location of permanent teams at least at Cao Bang’ (TNAUK/FO 371-112037/Foreign Office to British Embassy, Paris/25 August 1954, 1; and Ministry of Defense to Southeast Asia Department/23 October 1954, 1). Indirectly acknowledging the shrewdness of DRcả nước negotiators in Geneva an Indian military expert on the international control commission supervising implementation of the accords claimed to be ‘at a loss to know why’ Paris had consented to leaving ‘the entire Chinese frontier between Lao Kay and Langson completely unsupervised’. Even French officers he contacted ‘bởi vì not know why these places were chosen at Geneva instead of Ha Giang & Cao Bang which are obviously more important’. His comments are reported in TNAUK/FO 371-112037/British Legation, Saigon to Southeast Asia Department/2 October 1954, 1.

<109> ‘Bao cao tai Hoi nghi lan thu sau cua Ban Chap khô hanh Trung uong Dang (Khoa II), ngay 15 thang 7 nam giới 1954’, 169.

<110> Hoc vien quan tiền he quoc te, Dau trỡ ràng ngoách giao, 543, 643.

<111> Hoc vien quan he quoc te, Dau trực rỡ ngoai nghiêm giao, 543, 546.

<112> François Joyaux, khổng lồ illustrate, maintained that while Zhou Enlai had applied sustained pressure on the Vietnamese throughout the negotiations, it was Molotov who prevailed over Ptê mê Van Dong to lớn accept the above terms and conclude the negotiations (Joyaux, La Chine et le règlement du premier conflit d"Indochine, 286).

<113> Qiang Znhị Qiang Znhì. 2000. Trung Quốc & the Vietphái mạnh Wars, 1954–1975, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.  , China và the Vietphái nam Wars, 64; và Olsen Olsen, Mari. 2006. Soviet-Vietphái mạnh Relations và the Role of Trung Quốc, 1949–64, New York: Routledge.  , Soviet–Vietnam Relations, 45. Chen Jian refers khổng lồ adoption by Moscow và Beijing of a ‘realistic strategy’ at Geneva (Chen Jian Chen Jian. 2001. Mao"s Trung Quốc and the Cold War, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolimãng cầu Press.  , Mao"s Trung Quốc, 140).

<114> Recent scholarship is challenging that understanding. See, among muốn other works, Gleijeses Gleijeses, Piero. 2002. Conflicting Missions: Havamãng cầu, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolimãng cầu Press.  , Conflicting Missions, and Connelly Connelly, Matthew. 2003. A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria"s Fight for Independence & the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era, New York: Oxford University Press.  , Diplomatic Revolution.

<115> Bui Dinch Thanh hao Bui Dinc Thanh. 2004. “Dau tma lanh ngoai vệ giao tai Hoi nghi Geneve 1954”. In 50 nam giới chien thang Dien Bien Phu va su nghiep doi moi, phat trien dat nuoc, Edited by: Viet Nam va Tinc uy, Uy ban nhan dan tinc Dien Bien, Vien Khoa hoc xa. Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc xa hoi.  , ‘Dau tranh ngoai vệ giao’, 530.

<116> Joyaux Joyaux, François. 1979. La Chine et le règlement du premier conflit d"Indochine – Genève 1954, Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.  , La Chine et le règlement du premier conflit d"Indochine, 373.

<117> Qiang Znhì Qiang Znhì. 2000. Trung Quốc and the Vietphái mạnh Wars, 1954–1975, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.  , Trung Quốc & the Vietnam giới Wars, 53. See also Shu Guang Zhang Shu Guang Zhang. 2007. Constructing “Peaceful Coexistence”: China"s Diplomacy toward the Geneva and Bandung Conferences, 1954–55. Cold War History, : 509–28.  , ‘Constructing “Peaceful Coexistence”’, 510, 518. At least one member of the Chinese delegation at the Geneva Conference recalled later that Beijing"s foremost concern with regards khổng lồ the situation in Indochimãng cầu at that juncture was the possibility that ‘after the DRV drove the French out, the United States would come in’ (quoted in Qiang Znhị, China và the Vietphái mạnh Wars, 54).

<118> Hoang Van Hoan Hoang Van Hoan. 1988. A Drop in the Ocean: Hoang Van Hoan"s Revolutionary Reminiscences, Beijing: Foreign Languages Press.  , A Drop in the Ocean, 285.

<119> See, for example, Le Kinh Lich Le Kinch Lich, ed. 2000. The 30-Year War, 1945–1975, Volume I: 1945–1954 Hanoi: The Gioi Publishers.   (ed.), 30-Year War, 368; & Ban chi dao Tong ket chien toắt con – Truc thuoc Bo chinc tri Ban đưa ra dao Tong ket chien tranh – Truc thuoc Bo chinc tri. 1996. Tong ket cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap: Thang loi va bai hop, Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Chinh tri quoc gia.  , Tong ket cuoc khang chien chong thuc dan Phap, 216–7, 368.

<120> Nguyen Ngoc Mao và Vu Thi Hong Chuyen Nguyen Ngoc Mao & Vu Thi Hong Chuyen. 2005. Nhin lai quan liêu he Xo-Viet thoi ky 1945–1975. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 58–66.  , ‘Nhin lai quan liêu he Xo-Viet’, 60; Vu Duong Ninch Vu Duong Ninh. 2004. Chien cuoc Dien Bien Phu vào boi canh quoc te nhung nam 50. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 22–30.  , ‘Chien cuoc Dien Bien Phu’, 28–9.

<121> Vu Duong Ninh Vu Duong Ninh. 2004. Chien cuoc Dien Bien Phu trong boi canh quoc te nhung phái mạnh 50. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 22–30.  , ‘Hiep dinc Geneva’, 14.

<122> Phan Doan Nam Phan Doan Nam. 2004. Hiep dinc Gionevo 1954: 50 phái nam nhin lai. Nghien cuu Quoc te, : 3–8.  , ‘Hiep dinch Gionevo’, 7.

<123> Nguyen Hong Thach Nguyen Hong Thach. ‘Vietnam giới between Trung Quốc and the United States (1950–1995)’. PhD diss., University of New South Wales, 2000  , ‘Vietphái nam between China and the United States’, 47–8.

<124> Nguyen Hong Thach Nguyen Hong Thach. ‘Vietphái nam between China và the United States (1950–1995)’. PhD diss., University of New South Wales, 2000  , ‘Vietphái mạnh between China & the United States’, 43.

<125> Nguyen Hong Thach Nguyen Hong Thach. ‘Vietnam between China & the United States (1950–1995)’. PhD diss., University of New South Wales, 2000  , ‘Vietphái nam between China & the United States’

<126> Su that ve sầu quan liêu he Viet Nam-Trung Quoc trong 30 1979. Su that ve quan he Viet Nam-Trung Quoc trong 30 phái nam qua, Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Su that.   nam giới qua, 30; & Nguyen Hong Thach Nguyen Hong Thach. ‘Vietnam giới between Trung Quốc and the United States (1950–1995)’. PhD diss., University of New South Wales, 2000  , ‘Vietnam between Trung Quốc & the United States’, 44.

<127> Ngoách giao Viet Nam, 156.

<128> The proximate nature of the Vietnamese-Indian relationship was revealed in the aftermath of the signing of the agreement when Nehru became the first foreign head of state to visit Hanoi (Nguyen Canh Hue Nguyen Canh Hue. 2004. Vai net ve sầu quan liêu he Viet Nam – An Do. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 50–3.  , ‘Vai net ve sầu quan lại he Viet Nam – An Do’, 53).

<129> Zhou"s message is quoted in Hoc vien quan liêu he quoc te, Dau tnhãi con ngoách giao, 523–4.

<130> Zhou"s message is quoted in Hoc vien quan liêu he quoc te, Dau trực rỡ ngoai phong giao, 524.

<131> ‘De hoan tkhô giòn nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, 185.

<132> Hoc vien quan liêu he quoc te, Dau tranh con ngoai vệ giao, 640, 642.

<133> Specifically, the DRViệt Nam lacked ‘enough cadre force, means of activity and did not yet have experience in multilateral negotiations with large countries’ (Nguyen Phuc Luan Nguyen Phuc Luan. 2004. Ngoai giao Ho Chi Minh truoc va sau chien thang Dien Bien Phu. Nghien cuu Quoc te, : 3–13.  , ‘Ngoai nghiêm giao Ho Chi Minh’, 8).

<134> The MOFA cynically remarked later that even if ‘we had secured a demarcation at the 16th parallel or farther inlớn the South, that still would not have sầu precluded the American imperialists from jumping inkhổng lồ southern Vietnam after the Geneva Conference’ và cause the collapse of the accords (Hoc vien quan lại he quoc te, Dau tnhãi ranh ngoai vệ giao, 642).

<135> The MOFA cynically remarked later that even if ‘we had secured a demarcation at the 16th parallel or farther inlớn the South, that still would not have sầu precluded the American imperialists from jumping into southern Vietnam giới after the Geneva Conference’ và cause the collapse of the accords (Hoc vien quan lại he quoc te, Dau tranh mãnh ngoai giao, 642), 639.

<136> The MOFA cynically remarked later that even if ‘we had secured a demarcation at the 16th parallel or farther inkhổng lồ the South, that still would not have sầu precluded the American imperialists from jumping inlớn southern Vietphái mạnh after the Geneva Conference’ & cause the collapse of the accords (Hoc vien quan liêu he quoc te, Dau tnhãi con ngoai giao, 642), 638.

<137> The MOFA cynically remarked later that even if ‘we had secured a demarcation at the 16th parallel or farther into the South, that still would not have precluded the American imperialists from jumping into southern Vietnam after the Geneva Conference’ and cause the collapse of the accords (Hoc vien quan tiền he quoc te, Dau ttinh ranh ngoai vệ giao, 642), 640.

<138> ‘The Geneva Conference of 1954 Chen Jian và Shen Zhihua. 2008. The Geneva Conference of 1954: New Evidence from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People"s Republic of Đài Loan Trung Quốc. Cold War International History Project Bulletin, : 7–9.  , Outcome và Significance for DRV, China, USSR, 1954’, D-5.

<139> ‘The Geneva Conference of 1954 Chen Jian & Shen Zhihua. 2008. The Geneva Conference of 1954: New Evidence from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People"s Republic of Đài Loan Trung Quốc. Cold War International History Project Bulletin, : 7–9.  , Outcome & Significance for DRV, Đài Loan Trung Quốc, USSR, 1954’, D-5, D-9.

<140> On the latter issue see Asselin Asselin, Pierre. 2007. Choosing Peace: Hanoi và the Geneva Agreement on Vietnam, 1954–1955. Journal of Cold War Studies, : 95–126.  , ‘Choosing Peace’, 99–100.

<141> British Consulate, Hanoi to lớn British Embassy, Saigon/2 June 1954, 3. ‘It cannot be said’, the consulate observed shortly thereafter, ‘that the morale of the French Union troops in the North has been seriously shaken by the precarious military situation which has prevailed in the Delta since the fall of Dien Bien Phu’ (TNAUK/FO 959-143/British Consulate, Hanoi to British Embassy, Saigon/15 June 1954, 2).

<142> NAC3/PPTT/HS 1684: Bao cao thanh tich ve sầu quan su trong 8 nam khang chien (1946–1954)/‘Tam phái mạnh dau tnhãi ranh sau lung dich’/undated (1954), 6.

<143> NAC3/PPTT/HS 1684: Bao cao thanh hao tich ve quan tiền su trong 8 phái mạnh khang chien (1946–1954)/‘Tam nam giới dau tnhãi sau lung dich’/undated (1954), 16.

<144> ‘De hoan tkhô giòn nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, 211–2.

<145> Chen Jian, ‘Trung Quốc & the Indochina Settlement’, 254. On French military deployments to lớn Indochimãng cầu in 1953–54 see Valette Valette, Jacques. 1994. La guerre d"Indochine, 1945–1954, Paris: Arm& Colin.  , La guerre d"Indochine, 183–92.

<146> Thayer Thayer, Carlyle A. 1989. War by Other Means: National Liberation & Revolution in Viet-Nam, 1954–60, London: Allen và Unwin.  , War by Other Means, 3.

<147> Joyaux Joyaux, François. 1979. La Chine et le règlement du premier conflit d"Indochine – Genève 1954, Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.  , La Chine et le règlement du premier conflit d"Indochine, 270.

<148> Hoc vien quan tiền he quoc te, Dau tma lanh ngoai phong giao, 521.

<149> ‘De hoan thanh nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, 174.

<150> Trinh Thi Dinch Trinch Thi Dinc. 2005. Ve am muu can thiep quan liêu su cua My vao Dong Duong nam giới 1954. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 36–40. 62 , ‘Ve am muu can thiep quan lại su cua My’, 40.

<151> Quoted in American Imperialism"s Intervention in Viet Nam 1955. American Imperialism"s Intervention in Viet Nam, Hanoi: Foreign Languages Publishing House.  , 21.

<152> ‘Bao cao tai Hoi nghi lan thu sau cua Ban Chap khô giòn Trung uong Dang (Khoa II), ngay lập tức 15 thang 7 phái nam 1954’, 166, 164.

<153> Military Institute of Vietphái nam, Victory in Vietnam Military Institute of Vietnam and Merle Pribbenow. 2002. Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People"s Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. transl. , 4.

<154> NAC3/PPTT/HS 1698: Bao cao dien mat cua VPTW Dang LDtoàn nước ve sầu tinh hinc dich va ta trong vung tam lai chien phái mạnh 1954/‘Bao cao ve sầu tinh hinc dich-ta vào vung tam bi chien tu thang 3.1954 – 01.05.1954’/undated (May 1954), 1.

<155> NAC3/PQH/HS 143: Cap thu kien nghi cua tap the va cac teo quan liêu ve sầu viec lap lai hoa binch o Dong Duong va Hoi dong Gio-ne-vo nam giới 1954/‘Kien-Nghi cua QDQG Viet Nam – Tinc Doi Ha-Dong, tức thì 11, thang 6, 1954’/11 June 1954, 1; và ‘May nhan xet cua Trung uong ve hoi nghi Gio-ne’, 1.

<156> ‘Bao cao tai Hoi nghi lan thu sau cua Ban Chap khô nóng Trung uong Dang (Khoa II), tức thì 15 thang 7 nam 1954’, 163.

<157> Trinc Thi Dinh Trinch Thi Dinh. 2005. Ve am muu can thiep quan su cua My vao Dong Duong phái nam 1954. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 36–40. 62 , ‘Ve am muu can thiep quan lại su cua My’, 40.

<158> Bui Dinch Tkhô nóng Bui Dinc Tkhô giòn. 2004. “Dau trỡ ngoai phong giao tai Hoi nghi Geneve 1954”. In 50 phái mạnh chien thang Dien Bien Phu va su nghiep doi moi, phat trien dat nuoc, Edited by: Viet Nam va Tinc uy, Uy ban nhan dan tinh Dien Bien, Vien Khoa hoc xa. Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc xa hoi.  , ‘Dau tranh mãnh ngoai giao’, 530.

<159> Hoc vien quan he quoc te, Dau trực rỡ ngoai phong giao, 640.

<160> ‘We bởi vì not understand clearly the situation in France và the world’, it stated (‘Dien cua Trung uong gui don bỏ ra Pham Van Dong ngay lập tức 27.5.1954’ quoted in Ibid., 501).

<161> ‘We vày not underst& clearly the situation in France & the world’, it stated (‘Dien cua Trung uong gui don đưa ra Pđắm đuối Van Dong ngay lập tức 27.5.1954’ quoted in ibid., 501), 648.

<162> ‘We bởi not underst& clearly the situation in France và the world’, it stated (‘Dien cua Trung uong gui don bỏ ra Pđê mê Van Dong ngay lập tức 27.5.1954’ quoted in ibid., 501), 642.

<163> Anderson Anderson, David L. 1991. Trapped by Success: The Eisenhower Administration & Vietphái nam, 1953–61, New York: Columbia University Press.  , Trapped by Success, 38.

<164> Duiker Duiker, William J. 1995. Sacred War: Nationalism và Revolution in a Divided Vietphái mạnh, New York: McGraw Hill.  , Sacred War, 94.

<165> ‘The Geneva Conference of 1954 Chen Jian và Shen Zhihua. 2008. The Geneva Conference of 1954: New Evidence from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People"s Republic of Trung Quốc. Cold War International History Project Bulletin, : 7–9.  , Outcome & Significance for DRV, China, USSR, 1954’, D-6.

<166> Military Institute of Vietnam, Victory in Vietphái nam Military Institute of Vietnam giới và Merle Pribbenow. 2002. Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People"s Army of Vietphái nam, 1954–1975, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. transl. , 9–10.

<167> Bui Dinh Tkhô cứng Bui Dinch Tkhô nóng. 2004. “Dau tma lanh ngoách giao tai Hoi nghi Geneve sầu 1954”. In 50 nam chien thang Dien Bien Phu va su nghiep doi moi, phat trien dat nuoc, Edited by: Viet Nam va Tinch uy, Uy ban nhan dan tinh Dien Bien, Vien Khoa hoc xa. Hanoi: Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc xa hoi.  , ‘Dau tnhãi nhép ngoai phong giao’, 530.

<168> ‘De hoan tkhô giòn nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, 186–7.

<169> NAC3/PQH/HS 143: Cap thu kien nghi cua tap the va cac co quan liêu ve sầu viec lap lai hoa binh o Dong Duong va Hiep dinh Gio-ne-vo phái mạnh 1954/‘Dien van Cong doan Ton Duc Thang 19.8.1954’/19 August 1954, 1.

<170> Chen Jian, ‘China & the Indochimãng cầu Settlement’, 254.

<171> ‘De hoan thanh nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, 187.

<172> Césari Césari, Laurent. 2007. “The Declining Value of Indochina: France & the Economics of Empire, 1950–1955”. In The First Vietnam giới War: Colonial Conflict & Cold War Crisis, Edited by: Mark Atwood, Lawrence và Logevall, Fredrik. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.  , ‘Declining Value of Indochina’, 189.

<173> Tertrais Tertrais, Hugue. 2002. La piastre et le fusil: le côut de la guerre d"Indochine, 1945–1954, Paris: Comivấp ngã pour l"histoire économique et financière de la France.  , La piastre et le fusil, 183.

<174> ‘So thao bao cao quan su o Quoc hoi lan thu 3 (12-1953)’, 1, 5.

<175> Jean Lacouture maintained that the SOVN was a legitimate state whose creation transformed the conflict in Vietnam into lớn a civil war (Lacouture Lacouture, Jean. 1965. Vietnam giới between Two Truces, New York: Random House.  , Vietnam Between Two Truces, 9).

<176> Olsen Olsen, Mari. 2006. Soviet-Vietnam Relations và the Role of Đài Loan Trung Quốc, 1949–64, New York: Routledge.  , Soviet–Vietnam giới Relations, 46–7.

<177> NAC3/PQH/HS 75: Ho so phien hop BTTchính phủ quốc hội khoa I ngay 28.7.1954 ve Hoi nghi Gio-ne-vo va ket qua cua Hiep dinh dinch chien/‘Bao cao cua Ban thuong truc Quoc hoi ve hiep dinc dinh chien’/28 July 1954, 5; and ‘De hoan thanh nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, 205–7.

<178> NAC3/PPTT/HS 1696: Thong tri, Chi thi, Bao cao cua Tong Quan uy Tuc dan quan tiền v/v cđê mê chinch cung teo phat trien luc luong vu trang nhan dan va tinch hinh xay dung dan quan lại du kich phái mạnh 1954/‘Bao cao tinc hinc hoat dong va xay dung D.Q.D.K. 3 thang dau nam 1954’/undated (1954), 3.

<179> ‘De hoan tkhô nóng nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, 205–7; and ‘Bao cao cua Ban thuong truc Quoc hoi ve sầu hiep dinh dinh chien’, 5.

<180> On the shortcomings of the VWP"s lvà rekhung program (1953–56) see Hoang Van Hoan, A Drop in the Ocean, 302–4; & Moise, L& Rekhung in Trung Quốc & North Vietnam giới. According to lớn Moise Moise, Edwin E. 1983. L& Resize in Trung Quốc và North Vietnam: Consolidating the Revolution at the Village Level, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolimãng cầu Press.   the poorly executed l& reform effort quickly became a growing concern for VWP leaders.

<181> ‘Bao cao cua Ban thuong truc Quoc hoi ve hiep dinc dinc chien’, 4. Within weeks of the signing of the accords the DRnước ta government had made ‘great efforts’ lớn ‘organize at least the basis for strengthening the shaky economy of the north’ (TNAUK/FO 371-117093/‘Vietnam: Annual Reviews for 1954’/24 February 1955, 4).

<182> ‘De hoan tkhô cứng nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, 174–5.

<183> British Consulate, Hanoi khổng lồ British Embassy, Saigon/2 June 1954, 5.

<184> ‘De hoan tkhô giòn nhiem vu va day manh cong tac truoc mat’, 175. See also ‘Bao cao cua Ban thuong truc Quoc hoi ve sầu hiep dinch dinh chien’, 5.

<185> NAC3/PPTT/HS 1880: Tap hiep dinh dinch bỏ ra chien su o Viet-Lao-Mien ngay lập tức 20.21.7.1954/Pmê man Van Dong handwritten notes – draft of ‘Déclaration de M. Psay đắm Van Dong, Président de la délégation de la République Démocratique du Viêt-Nam à la scéance plenière du 21.7.1954/đôi mươi July 1954, 1. The statement quoted above was omitted from the final version of the declaration.

<186> Hoc vien quan he quoc te, Dau trạng rỡ ngoai nghiêm giao, 636.

<187> Quoted in Shu Guang Zhang Shu Guang Zhang. 2007. Constructing “Peaceful Coexistence”: China"s Diplomacy toward the Geneva và Bandung Conferences, 1954–55. Cold War History, : 509–28.  , ‘Constructing “Peaceful Coexistence”’, 514.

<188> Vu Duong Ninh Vu Duong Ninch. 2004. Chien cuoc Dien Bien Phu trong boi canh quoc te nhung nam giới 50. Nghien cuu Lich su, : 22–30.  , ‘Hiep dinch Geneva’, 11–6.

<189> Randle Randle, Robert F. 1969. Geneva 1954: The Settlement of the Indochinese War, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.  , Geneva 1954, 559.

<190> Robert Randle wrote that the Geneva Agreement on Vietphái mạnh contributed to lớn the ‘transformation’ of the DRtoàn nước ‘from an insignificant force khổng lồ administrators of an unquestionably sovereign socialist state’ (ibid., 559).

<191> Gaiduk Gaiduk, Ilya. 2003. Confronting Vietnam: Soviet Policy Toward the Indochina Conflict, 1954–1963, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.  , Confronting Vietphái nam, 57.

<192> Hoc vien quan tiền he quoc te, Dau ttinh quái ngoai nghiêm giao, 636.

<193> On Vietnamese anti-colonialism see Zinoman Zinoman, Peter. 2001. The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietphái nam, 1862–1940, Berkeley: University of California Press.  , , Colonial Bastille; Marr Marr, David G. 1971. Vietnamese Anticolonialism 1885–1925, Berkeley: University of California Press.  , Vietnamese Anticolonialism; Marr Marr, David G. 1981. Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945, Berkeley: University of California Press.  , Vietnamese Tradition on Trial; & Huynh Kyên ổn Kkhô nóng Huynh Kyên ổn Kkhô hanh. 1982. Vietnamese Communism, 1925–1945, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.  , Vietnamese Communism.

<194> ‘Vietnam: Annual nhận xét for 1954’, 5.

<195> ‘Loi kieu goi sau khoản thời gian Hoi nghi Gionevo tkhô giòn cong, ngay lập tức 22 thang 7 nam 1954’, VKD: 1954, 229; và ‘Loi kieu goi cua Ban Chap khô cứng Trung uong Dang Lao dong Viet Nam, ngay 25 thang 7 nam giới 1954’, 234.

<196> Lawrence Lawrence, Mark Atwood. 2005. Assuming the Burden: Europe & the American Commitment to War in Vietphái mạnh, Berkeley: University of California Press.  , Assuming the Burden, 279.

<197> Nguyen Phuc Luan Nguyen Phuc Luan. 2004. Ngoai giao Ho Chi Minch truoc va sau chien thang Dien Bien Phu. Nghien cuu Quoc te, : 3–13.  , ‘Ngoai phong giao Ho Chi Minh’, 8.

<198> NAC3/PPTT/HS 1887: Tap tai lieu ve cac cuoc hop bao cua Pnhì doan Viet Nam va cac phai doan khac tai Hoi nghi Gio-ne-vo nam 1954/‘Thu cau Psay đắm Van Dong gui len Bac ve tinc hinc Hiep dinh dinch chien Viet-Phap’/21 July 1954, 1.