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2 Vo Nguyen Giap"s address và its discussion of the United States is reprinted in Tran Huy Lieu, et al., Tai Lieu Tmê mẩn Khao Lich Su Cach Mang Can Dai Viet Nam, Tap 12: Tong Khoi Nghia Thang Tam (Hanoi 1957) 116. The pro-American placards & banners at the independence day parade were visible in documentary footage of the event in the collection of the Vietnamese Ministry of Culture.

3 For a fuller tài khoản of the place of the United States in Vietnamese anti-colonial thought, see Bradley, M., ‘Imagining Vietnam: The United States in Radical Vietnamese Anticolonial Discourse’, Journal of American-East Asian Relations 4/2 (Winter 1995) 299–329CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

4 Although differing in scope và aims, my approach khổng lồ the August revolution & the place of America in it is indebted lớn the foundational work of David Marr và Stein Tonnesson. See Marr, , Vietnam 1945: Quest for Power nguồn (Berkeley 1995)Google Scholar & Tonnesson, , The Vietnamese Revolution of 1945: Roosevelt, Ho Chi Minch và de Gaulle in a World at War (London 1991)Google Scholar.

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5 On ICP.. perceptions of the outbreak of World War II, see Nam, Pyêu thích Xuan, ‘Ve Nhung Nguyen Nhan Phat Sinch Cuoc Chien Tnhóc The Gioi Thu Hai (Xet theo nhan dinch cua nhung nguoi cong san Viet Nam luc do) ’, Nghien Cuu Lich Su 5 (1979) 67–79Google Scholar and Toan, Nguyen Kkhô hanh, ‘Ve Nguyen Nhan Phat Sinc Cuoc Chien Toắt con The Gioi Thu Hai ’, Nghien Cuu Lich Su 6 (1979) 1–16Google Scholar.

6 ‘Chinc Sach Moi Cua Dang ’ contained in the resolutions of the Eighth Plenum of the Central Committee of the Indochinese Communist Party of May 1941 as reprinted in Ban Chap Hanh Trung Uong Dang Cong San Viet-Nam, Van Kien Dang 1930–1945, Tap III (Hanoi 1977) 203.

7 The organisation & tactics of the Viet Minh are outlined in ‘Viet-Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh: Tuyen Ngon, Chuong Trinh, Dieu Le (25–10–41) ’, reprinted in Van Kien Dang, 431–50. For existing Westernern scholarly analyses of the origins of the Viet Minh, see Khanh hao, Huynh Kyên, Vietnamese Communism 1925–1945 (Ithaca 1982) 263–269Google Scholar và Duiker, William J., The Communist Road khổng lồ nguồn in Vietphái mạnh (Boudler 1981) 68–69Google Scholar. As both Duiker and Kkhô giòn point out, the ICPhường had advocated united fronts in 1930s, including the Antiimperiadanh sách Front (1930–1931) và the Democratic Front (1937–1939), but they had not been particularly successful.

8 ‘Viet-Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh: Tuyen Ngon, Chuong Trinc, Dieu Le (25–10–41) ’, reprinted in Van Kien Dang, 435, 442. Even more explicit was Ho Chi Minh"s History of Our Country , written và disseminated in early 1942, which consciously drew upon the reform generation leader Phan Boi Chau"s well-known verse histories of Vietnamese patriotic leaders lớn điện thoại tư vấn forth a renewed spirit of voluntarism. Ho employed similar rhetorical devices as the editor of Vietnam giới Independence , a handwritten, two-page weekly newspaper established after the Pac Bo plenum lớn win support for the Viet Minh that was widely circulated in northern Vietnam giới. See Minc, Ho Chi, ‘Lich Su Nuoc Ta ’ in: Ho Chi Minch Toan Tap 1930–1945, Tap 3 215–224Google Scholar; 10 September 1941, 1 December 1941, 1 January 1942, 21 February 1942, 11 March 1942, Viet Nam Doc Lap .